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Colombia is bordered on the northwest by Panama, on the east by Venezuela and Brazil, and on the southwest by Peru and Ecuador. Through the western half of the country, three Andean ranges run north and south. Did you know that the eastern half is known to be a low, jungle-covered plain, drained by spurs of the Amazon and Orinoco Rivers, inhabited mostly by isolated tropical-forest Indian tribes. Did you know that the fertile plateau and valley of the eastern range are and have always been the most densely populated parts of the country.

Little is known about the various Indian tribes who inhabited Colombia before the Spanish arrived. Within 1510 Spaniards founded Darien, the originalpermanent European settlement on the American mainland.

Within 1538 they established the colony of New Granada, the area's name until 1861.

Soon after a 14-year struggle, around the time during that time Sim?n Bol?var's Venezuelan troops won the combat and battle of Boyac? in Colombia on Aug. 7, 1819, independence used to be attained in 1824. Bol?var united Colombia, Venezuela, Panama, and Ecuador in the Republic of Wonderfuler Colombia (1819-1830), but he lost Venezuela and Ecuador to separatists.

Two political parties dominated the region: the Conservatives believed in a strong central government and a powerful church; the Liberals believed in a decentralized government, strong regional power, and a less influential performance for the church. Bol?var was himself a Conservative, while this man's vice president, Francisco de Paula Santander, was the founder of the Liberal Party.

Colombia is known to be inhabited along with Caribbean, Andes and Amazon since as early as 20000 BC. Around 10000 BC, the pre Colombian era witnessed the inhabitants of various indigenous groups. Spanish intruders discovered Colombian land in 1499-1525. Eventually Colombian land gave way to the Spanish rule due to wars and alliances. Settlement of Spaniards in Colombia lasted for 300 years. Spanish culture was severely reinstated original Colombian inhabitants. Labor was derived from local people. In the early 19th century, a civil outrage to overthrow the Spanish rule eventually led to an independent Colombia. Colombia is known to have some of the most powerful drug wars in the world. It was between Medellin and Cali cartels.

Colombia is known to have places at elevations. Hence it witnesses major difference in temperatures near the sea (hot and humid) and elevations (cold). Colombia is described primarily into different climatic zones which are bifurcated based upon their elevations from sea levels. 86% of Colombia experiences hot weather. The wet seasons take place in April-May and September-December. The mean temperatures vary between 10-19 degree Celsius. The occurrence of breezes on Colombian coasts is responsible for reduction of heat and precipitation.

Colombia had 46 million populations in 2008. It contains fourth largest number of Spanish speaking people in the world. The population growth of Colombia is reflected according the age profile of its citizens. There is a significant population in the young age compared to old age. The concentration of population is mainly seen in the Andean highlands and along the coast that is near to the Caribbean islands. Colombia is known to be one of the most urbanized countries in Latin America owing to the population migration in the urban areas in the middle of 20th century. Approximately one-fifth of Colombia n population resides in Bogota, its capital.